[171] In the west, Robert of Gloucester and his followers continued to raid the surrounding royalist territories, and Wallingford Castle remained a secure Angevin stronghold, too close to London for comfort. His reign was marked by the Anarchy, a civil war with his cousin and rival, the Empress Matilda, whose son, Henry II, succeeded Stephen as the first of the Angevin kings of England. [243] Modern historians vary in their assessments of Stephen as a king. [125] He then left behind some forces to blockade the castle and continued west into Wiltshire to attack Trowbridge Castle, taking the castles of South Cerney and Malmesbury en route. S tephen as a boys' name is pronounced STEE-ven, STEF-en. Later in the year Stephen and Henry agreed to the Treaty of Winchester, in which Stephen recognised Henry as his heir in exchange for peace, passing over William, Stephen's second son. Stephen Stephen is an innocent and honest person, yet full of unexpected surprises. Edmund King disagrees that the Empress received an invitation to. WebAbout Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features [176] In the north, Stephen came to a fresh agreement with Ranulf of Chester, but then in 1146 repeated the ruse he had played on Geoffrey de Mandeville in 1143, first inviting Ranulf to court, before arresting him and threatening to execute him unless he handed over a number of castles, including Lincoln and Coventry. [100] Stephen's wife Matilda was sent to negotiate another agreement between Stephen and David, called the treaty of Durham; Northumbria and Cumbria would effectively be granted to David and his son Henry, in exchange for their fealty and future peace along the border. 121138. [94] Despite this victory, however, David still occupied most of the north. The character was portrayed by Justine Lupe in the Audience show Mr. Mercedes and by Cynthia Erivo in the HBO series The Outsider. Common until the late 18th century. 171172; Crouch (2008a), p. 29. WebStephen Sharer - Jump In! TV-PG. [33] Nonetheless, relations between Henry, Matilda, and Geoffrey became increasingly strained towards the end of the King's life. [53] David I of Scotland invaded the north on the news of Henry's death, taking Carlisle, Newcastle and other key strongholds. [171] Meanwhile, Geoffrey of Anjou finished securing his hold on southern Normandy and in January 1144 he advanced into Rouen, the capital of the duchy, concluding his campaign. Medieval financial figures are notoriously hard to convert into modern currency; for comparison, 2,000 marks equated to around 1,333 in a period in which a major castle rebuilding project might cost around 1,115. [226], After Stephen's death, Henry II succeeded to the throne of England. [101] Stephen responded to rumours of this plan by escorting Henry himself north, but this gesture proved the final straw for Ranulf. Stephen was one of the seven men chosen to be responsible over the distribution of food to widows in the early church after a dispute arose and the apostles recognized they needed help. [170], For a period, the situation continued to worsen. They hadnt seen each other since Stephen moved out of the neighborhood two years before, and as they catch up Teichner laments the recent [222] Stephen's middle son, Baldwin, and second daughter, Matilda, had died before 1147 and were buried at Holy Trinity Priory, Aldgate. [235] Those writing for the church after the events of Stephen's later reign, such as John of Salisbury for example, paint the King as a tyrant due to his argument with the Archbishop of Canterbury; by contrast, clerics in Durham regarded Stephen as a saviour, due to his contribution to the defeat of the Scots at the battle of the Standard. [113] The incident successfully removed any military threat from the bishops, but it may have damaged Stephen's relationship with the senior clergy, and in particular with his brother Henry. [42] The combined revenues of the two positions made Henry of Winchester the second-richest man in England after the King. [174] Miles of Gloucester, one of the most talented Angevin commanders, had died whilst hunting over the previous Christmas, relieving some of the pressure in the west. [219] Stephen and Henry sealed the treaty with a kiss of peace in the cathedral. [37] Stephen also had a personal Augustinian confessor appointed to him by the Archbishop of Canterbury, who implemented a penitential regime for him, and Stephen encouraged the new order of Cistercians to form abbeys on his estates, winning him additional allies within the church. [207] Theobald escaped again into temporary exile in Flanders, pursued to the coast by Stephen's knights, marking a low point in Stephen's relationship with the church. Stephen was the third son of Stephen, Count of Blois and Chartres, and Adela, daughter of King William I the [29], Stephen was a well established figure in Anglo-Norman society by 1135. [81] Stephen was less successful, however, in regaining the Argentan province along the Normandy and Anjou border, which Geoffrey had taken at the end of 1135. He was known for his qualities as a statesman, his military experience, and leadership ability. The Feudal Kingdom of England, 10421216. For his father, the Crusader, see. [95] The cost of warfare had risen considerably in the first part of the 12th century, and adequate supplies of ready cash were increasingly proving important in the success of campaigns. [130] In an effort to negotiate a truce, Henry of Blois held a peace conference at Bath, to which Stephen sent his wife. [245] Historian and biographer Edmund King, whilst painting a slightly more positive picture than Davis, also concludes that Stephen, while a stoic, pious and genial leader, was also rarely, if ever, his own man, usually relying upon stronger characters such as his brother or wife. Stephen responded by seizing his personal wealth, which caused some discontent amongst the senior clergy. [80] As part of this deal, Louis recognised Stephen's son Eustace as Duke of Normandy in exchange for Eustace giving fealty to the French King. The north of England was now controlled by David and Prince Henry, Stephen had abandoned Wales, the fighting in Normandy had considerably destabilised the duchy, and an increasing number of barons felt that Stephen had given them neither the lands nor the titles they felt they deserved or were owed. [8], Stephen had at least four brothers and one sister, along with two probable half-sisters. S tephen as a boys' name is pronounced STEE-ven, STEF-en. [18] In 1127, William Clito, a potential claimant to the English throne, seemed likely to become the Count of Flanders; Stephen was sent by the King on a mission to prevent this, and in the aftermath of his successful election, William Clito attacked Stephen's lands in neighbouring Boulogne in retaliation. [184], The character of the conflict in England gradually began to shift; as historian Frank Barlow suggests, by the late 1140s "the civil war was over", barring the occasional outbreak of fighting. [93] In France, Geoffrey of Anjou took advantage of the situation by re-invading Normandy. [119], Stephen then agreed to a truce proposed by his brother, Henry; the full details of the truce are not known, but the results were that Stephen first released Matilda from the siege and then allowed her and her household of knights to be escorted to the south-west, where they were reunited with Robert of Gloucester. [16], With Henry's support, he rapidly began to accumulate lands and possessions. White (1990), p. 12, cited Bradbury, p. 211. He's a devoted Christian and is very passionate about his beliefs while keeping an open mind. [208] Stephen's castle at Malmesbury was besieged by Henry's forces, and the King responded by marching west with an army to relieve it. The degree to which Stephen's supporters at the, As described below, the name "the Anarchy" for this conflict originates with the Victorian scholar. [2], During the First Crusade, Stephen-Henry had acquired a reputation for cowardice, and he returned to the Levant again in 1101 to rebuild his reputation; there he was killed at the battle of Ramlah. WebHow to use Stephen in a sentence. In English, Stephen is most commonly pronounced as STEEV-n. Henry vigorously re-established royal authority in the aftermath of the civil war, dismantling castles and increasing revenues, although several of these trends had begun under Stephen. Rules of succession in western Europe at the time were uncertain; in some parts of France, male primogeniture, in which the eldest son would inherit a title, was becoming more popular. WebStephen Colletti (born February 7, 1986) is an American actor and television personality. [204] Stephen's preferred option was to have Eustace crowned while he himself was still alive, as was the custom in France, but this was not the normal practice in England, and Celestine II, during his brief tenure as pope between 1143 and 1144, had banned any change to this practice. His friend and advisor Waleran was one of those who decided to defect in mid-1141, crossing into Normandy to secure his ancestral possessions by allying himself with the Angevins, and bringing Worcestershire into the Empress's camp. [138] Robert and Ranulf's cavalry encircled Stephen's centre, and the King found himself surrounded by the enemy army. In 1153, the Empress's son Henry invaded England and built an alliance of powerful regional barons to support his claim for the throne. He's very intelligent and focused, but can also be considered oblivious to something begging to be noticed. The two armies met at Wallingford, but neither side's barons were keen to fight another pitched battle. [7] [17] [18] Between 1979 and 2009, he was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, widely viewed as one of the [119] He also faced a military dilemma at Arundelthe castle was considered almost impregnable, and he may have been worried that he was tying down his army in the south whilst Robert roamed freely in the west. Captured at the battle of Lincoln in 1141, he was abandoned by many of his followers and lost control of Normandy. [5] Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Awards and nominations 4 Filmography [209] Despite only modest military successes, Henry and his allies now controlled the south-west, the Midlands and much of the north of England. Stephen was born in Blois, France, in either 1092 or 1096. Modern historians have extensively debated the extent to which his personality, external events, or the weaknesses in the Norman state contributed to this prolonged period of civil war. [206] Stephen then made a fresh attempt to have Eustace crowned at Easter 1152, gathering his nobles to swear fealty to Eustace, and then insisting that Theobald and his bishops anoint him king. Begging Pardon and Favor: Ritual and Political Order in Early Medieval France. [32] Stephen was amongst those who took this oath in 1127. [182] Some parts of the country, though, were barely touched by the conflictfor example, Stephen's lands in the south-east and the Angevin heartlands around Gloucester and Bristol were largely unaffected, and David I ruled his territories in the north of England effectively. [161] Just before Christmas, the Empress left the castle unobserved, crossed the icy river on foot and made her escape to Wallingford. [94][nb 12], Anglo-Norman warfare during the reign of Stephen was characterised by attritional military campaigns, in which commanders tried to seize key enemy castles in order to allow them to take control of their adversaries' territory and ultimately win a slow, strategic victory. As he stepped into a congressional elevator, Santos told reporters he would not resign unless 142 people told him to quit. 187188. [131], Ranulf of Chester remained upset over Stephen's gift of the north of England to Prince Henry. But an appearance on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on CBS represented more of a gamble. [31], Henry attempted to build up a base of political support for Matilda in both England and Normandy, demanding that his court take oaths first in 1127, and then again in 1128 and 1131, to recognise Matilda as his immediate successor and recognise her descendants as the rightful rulers after her. Aubrey threatened that Stephen would complain to the pope that he was being harassed by the English church, and the council let the matter rest following an unsuccessful appeal to Rome. [128] Stephen responded quickly, taking an army into the fens and using boats lashed together to form a causeway that allowed him to make a surprise attack on the isle. Stephen Colbert spotted a weird moment involving Rep. George Santos (R-N.Y.), the newly elected Long Island House member caught in so many lies that his local GOP leaders are calling on him to resign. [247], Stephen and his reign have been occasionally used in historical fiction. Stephen Hawking, in full Stephen William Hawking, (born January 8, 1942, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Englanddied March 14, 2018, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire), English theoretical physicist whose theory of exploding black holes drew upon both relativity theory and quantum mechanics. His prestige and power increased further when he unexpectedly married the attractive Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine, the recently divorced wife of Louis VII, in 1152. [138] Many of his supporters, including Waleran de Beaumont and William of Ypres, fled from the field at this point but Stephen fought on, defending himself first with his sword and then, when that broke, with a borrowed battle axe. Existing siege engines were significantly less powerful than the later trebuchet designs, giving defenders a substantial advantage over attackers. WebThe name Stephen is boy's name of Greek origin meaning "garland, crown". WebThe name Stephen is boy's name of Greek origin meaning "garland, crown". 136137; Crouch (2002), p. 245. Stephen died the following year. [25] Many of these barons had taken an oath to stay in Normandy until the late King was properly buried, which prevented them from returning to England. It is particularly significant to Christians, as it belonged to Saint Stephen, an early disciple and deacon who, according to the Book of Acts, was stoned to death; he is widely regarded as the first martyr of the Christian Church. [216] Meanwhile, Stephen's brother Henry of Blois and Archbishop Theobald of Canterbury were for once unified in an effort to broker a permanent peace between the two sides, putting pressure on Stephen to accept a deal. Historian David Crouch suggests that Stephen effectively "bowed out of Wales" around this time to concentrate on his other problems. From Latin Stephanus, from Ancient Greek (Stphanos), from (stphanos, crown, wreath), from (stph, to put round, to surround) . Following the battle of Tinchebray in 1106, Henry confiscated the County of Mortain from his cousin William, and the Honour of Eye, a large lordship previously owned by Robert Malet. [164] Stephen valued William's loyalty sufficiently to agree to exchange Sherborne Castle for his safe releasethis was one of the few instances where Stephen was prepared to give up a castle to ransom one of his men. [185][nb 21] Many of the barons were making individual peace agreements with each other to secure their lands and war gains. [19] Stephen and his older brother Theobald were comprehensively beaten in the subsequent campaign, which culminated in the Battle of Alenon, and the territories were not recovered. Stephen is kind hearted and family oriented. [53] Northern England was a disputed territory at this time, with the Scottish kings laying a traditional claim to Cumberland, and David also claiming Northumbria by virtue of his marriage to the daughter of Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria. [103] Only a handful of earldoms had existed under Henry I and these had been largely symbolic in nature. 164165; Crouch (1998), p. 258. WebStephen or Steven is a common English first name. Posted: March 2nd, 2022 7:29:15 pm EST. [40] The landless Flemish nobleman William of Ypres had joined Stephen's household in 1133. [203], Nonetheless, the pressure on Stephen to get Eustace confirmed as his legitimate heir continued to grow. [36] He was very pious, both in terms of his observance of religious rituals and his personal generosity to the church. Stephen and Matilda: the Civil War of 113953. [129] Robert of Gloucester's men retook some of the territory that Stephen had taken in his 1139 campaign. WebDRAMA & SOAPS. Crouch (2002), p. 269; White (1998), p. 133. [237] A number of charters were issued during Stephen's reign, often giving details of current events or daily routine, and these have become widely used as sources by modern historians. [200] Bernard then convinced Pope Eugene III to overturn Henry's decision altogether in 1147, deposing William, and appointing Henry Murdac as archbishop instead. [193], In the final years of the war, Stephen began to focus on the issue of his family and the succession. [109] These bishops were powerful landowners as well as ecclesiastical rulers, and they had begun to build new castles and increase the size of their military forces, leading Stephen to suspect that they were about to defect to the Empress Matilda. [41], Stephen's younger brother, Henry of Blois, had also risen to power under Henry I. Henry of Blois had become a Cluniac monk and followed Stephen to England, where the King made him Abbot of Glastonbury, the richest abbey in England. King, Edmund. They had five children:[251], King Stephen's illegitimate children by his mistress Damette included:[251], "Stephen of Blois" redirects here. [218] Stephen announced the Treaty of Winchester in Winchester Cathedral: he recognised Henry FitzEmpress as his adopted son and successor, in return for Henry doing homage to him; Stephen promised to listen to Henry's advice, but retained all his royal powers; Stephen's remaining son, William, would do homage to Henry and renounce his claim to the throne, in exchange for promises of the security of his lands; key royal castles would be held on Henry's behalf by guarantors, whilst Stephen would have access to Henry's castles; and the numerous foreign mercenaries would be demobilised and sent home. [99] Dover finally surrendered to the queen's forces later in the year. [169] With all of his other problems and with Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk, in open revolt in Norfolk, Stephen lacked the resources to track Geoffrey down in the Fens and made do with building a screen of castles between Ely and London, including Burwell Castle. [190] Following this peace agreement, Henry and Ranulf agreed to attack York, probably with help from the Scots. Stephen Colbert spotted a weird moment involving Rep. George Santos (R-N.Y.), the newly elected Long Island House member caught in so many lies that his local GOP leaders are calling on him to resign. He stabilised the northern border with Scotland, contained Geoffrey's attacks on Normandy, was at peace with Louis VI, enjoyed good relations with the church and had the broad support of his barons. One of the first seven deacons of the Christian Church, Saint Stephen is also the first Christian to be martyred for the Faith (hence the title, often applied to him, of protomartyr that is, "first martyr"). Stephen Colbert brings his signature satire and comedy to The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, the #1 show in late night, where he talks with an eclectic mix of guests about what is new and relevant in the worlds of politics, entertainment, business, music, technology and more. From *steg- (to enlace) + - (-nos, suffix forming an adjective or noun) from Proto-Indo-European *-ns (suffix forming a verbal adjective from a verb stem) . Gibney previously appeared in the Bill Hodges trilogy (Mr. Mercedes, Finders Keepers, End of Watch),The Outsider, and If It Bleeds. Three hundred passengers embarked on the White Ship to travel from Barfleur in Normandy to England, including the heir to the throne, William Adelin, and many other senior nobles. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen,_King_of_England&oldid=1132051530, Matilda (died before 1141), married in infancy to, Bennett, Matthew. (1974) "King Stephen and the Anglo-Norman Aristocracy". [15] Stephen probably first visited England in either 1113 or 1115, almost certainly as part of Henry's court. WebStephen Hawking. The name, in both the forms Stephen and Steven, is often shortened to Steve or Stevie. Crouch (2008b), pp. [132] Stephen marched north to Lincoln and agreed to a truce with Ranulf, probably to keep him from joining the Empress's faction, under which Ranulf would be allowed to keep the castle. [230], Much of the modern history of Stephen's reign is based on accounts of chroniclers who lived in, or close to, the middle of the 12th century, forming a relatively rich account of the period. [222] After a busy summer in 1154, however, Stephen travelled to Dover to meet Thierry, Count of Flanders; some historians believe that the King was already ill and preparing to settle his family affairs. In 1138, the Empress's half-brother Robert of Gloucester rebelled against Stephen, threatening civil war. Stephen was the third son of Stephen, Count of Blois and Chartres, and Adela, daughter of King William I the King (2010), pp. The story of Saint Stephen's ordination as a deacon is found in the sixth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, which also recounts the plot against Stephen and the beginning of the trial that resulted in his martyrdom; the seventh chapter [89] Stephen was also rapidly running out of money: Henry's considerable treasury had been emptied by 1138 due to the costs of running Stephen's more lavish court and the need to raise and maintain his mercenary armies fighting in England and Normandy. [209] He unsuccessfully attempted to force Henry's smaller army to fight a decisive battle along the river Avon. [4][nb 2], France in the 12th century was a loose collection of counties and smaller polities, under the minimal control of the King of France. Historian R. H. C. 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